锟斤拷電納锟絍膜
锟斤拷锟节碉拷膜锟斤拷锟絰锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟角伙拷锟斤拷一锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結锟街碉拷原锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷讖锟叫★拷慕M锟斤拷透锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷讖锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷慕M锟街★拷锟节戯拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟組锟街斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷小,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟侥孔忥拷也锟斤拷锟斤拷锟(y锟斤拷ng)锟絧小锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟截曪拷(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟酵拷锟斤拷陆锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(f锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭等嗭拷(w锟斤拷n)锟絵,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷缺锟捷ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟(l锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟侥わ拷玫锟斤拷锟窖革拷俚陌l(f锟斤拷)展,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角猴拷電納锟絍膜,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟戒獨(d锟斤拷)锟截的凤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟皆讹拷锟杰碉拷锟斤拷視锟斤拷锟斤拷電納锟絍膜锟角猴拷锟叫固讹拷電荷碉拷膜, 锟斤拷锟斤拷x原锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟侥伙拷锟节孔忥拷锟斤拷小锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結锟斤拷之锟斤拷,锟斤拷還锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(d锟斤拷)锟截碉拷锟給锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷懦锟斤拷锟斤拷谩锟斤拷锟诫娂{锟絍膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿猴拷電伙拷锟紽(tu锟斤拷n),锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟紿水锟皆得碉拷锟接忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng),锟斤拷透水锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接ｏ拷锟絤锟节低夛拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷染锟皆硷拷锟絰锟斤拷透锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟皆凤拷锟芥都锟斤拷锟叫冿拷(y锟斤拷u)锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷),锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫达拷讖锟侥わ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷x直锟斤拷锟絕小锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰诧拷同锟侥組锟斤拷[1,锟斤拷2],锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)膜锟叫固讹拷電猴拷锟斤拷缘牟锟酵,锟缴岋拷锟斤拷電納锟絍膜锟街烇拷锟斤拷锟诫娂{锟絍膜锟酵猴拷負(f锟斤拷)電納锟絍膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟轿伙拷貌锟酵,锟斤拷锟缴分烇拷锟接猴拷锟侥わ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷w锟斤拷锟侥,锟斤拷目前锟窖癸拷锟絀(y锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟接猴拷負(f锟斤拷)锟侥わ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷慕锟紹锟剿囷拷(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(l锟斤拷i)锟斤拷電納锟絍膜锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)展,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷電納锟絍膜锟狡備方锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絞(sh锟斤拷),锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絝锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膽锟(y锟斤拷ng)锟矫碉拷;锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿达拷锟节的嗭拷(w锟斤拷n)锟絵锟斤拷討論锟剿匡拷锟杰的斤拷Q锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(du锟斤拷)锟皆猴拷锟斤拷芯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一些锟斤拷锟絟,锟斤拷
1 锟斤拷電納锟絍膜锟斤拷锟狡傦拷
锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟角拷(d锟斤拷ng)前锟絣(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷锟,锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜,一锟斤拷指锟节讹拷椎锟街э拷锟侥(锟斤拷膜)锟较忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷一锟接很憋拷锟侥★拷锟斤拷锟杰碉拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截種锟斤拷锟杰碉拷锟斤拷一锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟絚一锟絯锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟絕,锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟侥憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰層猴拷群鼙锟, 锟侥讹拷使膜同锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫高碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絰锟绞猴拷透锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟劫度★拷
1.1 锟斤拷負(f锟斤拷)電納锟絍膜
目前锟斤拷锟矫的納锟絍膜锟斤拷: 锟桔凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟角伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷類★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷烯锟斤拷類碉拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角诧拷锟矫斤拷锟斤拷酆戏锟斤拷锟斤拷苽锟斤拷電憋拷樱锟斤拷腔锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷烯锟斤拷類則锟角诧拷锟斤拷涂锟斤拷锟狡傦拷锟诫姳锟斤拷,锟斤拷
1.1.1 锟斤拷锟斤拷酆戏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟桔猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫兩種锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟皆很高的嗭拷锟絯(锟斤拷锟紸(y锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷)锟节兩傦拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰碉拷锟杰勶拷锟斤拷锟斤拷處锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟桔合凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟侥讹拷锟节讹拷锟街э拷锟斤拷w锟斤拷锟轿筹拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺岋拷支锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟节猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷嗪碉拷水锟斤拷液锟叫ｏ拷然锟斤拷锟劫岋拷膜锟斤拷锟诫含锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺碉拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷液锟斤拷,锟斤拷通锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷酆戏锟斤拷锟(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟狡傦拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟较納锟絍膜,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷c锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺的凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷使锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟杰夛拷锟斤拷锟斤拷M(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰勶拷锟叫猴拷锟饺伙拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷使锟缴種锟斤拷锟斤拷酆蠁锟斤拷w锟斤拷锟斤拷效锟侥斤拷锟絴锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷詣锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷酆戏锟斤拷锟斤拷苽锟斤拷舜锟斤拷锟斤拷墓锟斤拷I(y锟斤拷)锟矫納锟絍膜,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟筋惖锟斤拷校锟紽ilm Tec 锟斤拷司锟斤拷NF40锟斤拷NF40HF锟斤拷锟秸憋拷锟絴锟斤拷锟斤拷司锟斤拷UTC-20HF 锟斤拷UTC-60,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(gu锟斤拷)ATM 锟斤拷司锟斤拷ATF-30 锟斤拷ATF-50 锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节聚凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷類碉拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷NF 系锟叫ｏ拷NF200 锟斤拷NF270 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫等碉拷透锟絵锟饺ｏ拷锟絵锟斤拷透锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟绞烇拷50%锟斤拷65%,锟斤拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟矫擄拷锟斤拷锟(TOC)锟杰革拷,锟斤拷锟絤锟斤拷锟节地憋拷水锟酵碉拷锟斤拷水脫锟斤拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷筒锟斤拷锟杰涳拷锟斤拷锟斤拷芫S锟街滿锟斤拷诟泻凸芫W(w锟斤拷ng)輸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷硬锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节低夛拷(0.5MPa)锟铰诧拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街拷拢锟絅F90 膜锟絵锟斤拷透锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟竭讹拷脫锟斤拷锟絵锟街的堬拷(ch锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷[3],锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷軇锟斤拷捅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆勶拷锟侥種類和濓拷葘锟(du锟斤拷)锟桔合結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫猴拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷影锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷詣锟揭伙拷銘(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷x锟接憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷詣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟?y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷酆锟斤拷^(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷装l(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟侥讹拷使锟矫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷{锟絍膜锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟教讹拷锟较呈現(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷負(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷|(zh锟斤拷),锟斤拷锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿拷锟斤拷c锟斤拷元锟斤拷锟饺的濓拷群锟斤拷A(y锟斤拷)水锟斤拷锟斤拷r锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟紷然,锟斤拷水锟斤拷潭锟皆斤拷锟,锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷越锟襟，斤拷锟斤拷锟绞曪拷(hu锟斤拷)越锟斤拷,锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟姐胺锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷胁锟酵拷锟斤拷锟斤拷c(di锟斤拷n),锟斤拷锟斤拷锟姐胺锟絚锟斤拷锟饺的聚合凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟绞大，凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫碉拷锟絕锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫凤拷锟姐胺锟絚锟斤拷嗪的伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆拷锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷么锟斤拷嗪伙拷锟斤拷锟较诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫ｏ拷锟节聚合凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟叫诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷偌锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰勶拷锟酵憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷詣锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟紿锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷軇锟斤拷锟(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絵锟侥斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷詣锟揭诧拷p锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟(y锟斤拷ng)锟絰锟接憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷詣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥わ拷锟斤拷锟饺臼癸拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟,锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟节碉拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟节聚猴拷锟斤拷液锟叫硷拷锟诫不同锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接勶拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟皆猴拷锟斤拷邼B透通锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角斤拷锟斤拷膜锟侥诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(qi锟斤拷ng)[4,5],锟斤拷锟斤拷(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫斤拷锟斤拷酆戏锟斤拷锟斤拷苽锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟较納锟絍膜锟斤拷锟斤拷也锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷一些锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷[6,11],锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絀(y锟斤拷)锟斤拷還锟叫很达拷牟锟洁。
1.1.2 涂锟斤拷 涂锟斤拷锟斤拷指锟斤拷锟絋膜液直锟接刮碉拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿成忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟较岋拷,锟斤拷锟角伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷類忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟角岋拷锟角伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷水锟絚锟揭达拷锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷纬筛叻锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷液涂锟斤拷锟节伙拷膜锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟接熱到100锟斤拷140锟斤拷使锟角伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟教伙拷锟轿成★拷锟絤锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟介交聯(li锟斤拷n)锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷}锟侥斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵的磺伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷類忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟教業(y锟斤拷)膜锟斤拷NTR-7410 锟斤拷NTR-7450 膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(gu锟斤拷)Desalination 锟斤拷司锟絖锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷Desal-5 膜,锟斤拷锟斤拷Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟节磺伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟剿筹拷锟斤拷锟侥撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷印锟
锟斤拷锟斤拷烯锟斤拷(PVA)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫碉拷水锟斤拷锟皆和很好的筹拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷, 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷纬晒饣,锟斤拷锟角筹拷锟斤拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷撕锟窖碉拷膜,還锟叫非筹拷锟矫碉拷锟斤拷锟杰勶拷锟斤拷锟杰猴拷锟斤拷锟矫碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷染锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紽锟侥筹拷锟絜锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟饺岋拷(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟侥革拷锟絞,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较╋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷芸锟斤拷愿锟斤拷锟侥わ拷锟(du锟斤拷)锟饺碉拷锟酵革拷锟絞锟皆★拷锟秸憋拷锟秸東锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿撅拷锟絅TR-7250 膜,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜,锟斤拷锟狡傦拷r(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟叫硷拷锟斤拷锟剿撅拷锟斤拷烯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷酆戏锟斤拷锟(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷110锟斤拷锟铰加燂拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷通锟絕(gu锟斤拷)輻锟斤拷使锟戒交聯(li锟斤拷n),锟斤拷锟斤拷取锟矫協(xi锟斤拷)同效锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷NTR-739HF 锟斤拷锟紹透膜锟角凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷c锟斤拷锟斤拷烯锟斤拷锟侥協(xi锟斤拷)同效锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng),锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷[6]锟斤拷锟节斤拷锟斤拷酆戏锟斤拷锟(y锟斤拷ng)锟襟將撅拷锟斤拷烯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絜锟斤拷膜锟侥憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟绞╋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷[12]锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷烯锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟絲(锟斤拷锟诫交聯(li锟斤拷n)锟斤拷)涂锟斤拷锟节讹拷谆锟侥わ拷锟,锟斤拷锟揭滐拷锟铰革拷锟斤拷,然锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿拷锟较达拷锟侥わ拷锟斤拷锟絔(m锟斤拷i)锟叫凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷), 锟狡傦拷锟剿忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟较納锟絍膜,锟斤拷
1.2 锟斤拷锟斤拷電納锟絍膜
锟斤拷锟节猴拷锟斤拷锟侥わ拷暮锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷, 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟絍锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节革拷锟絅水源锟叫的庯拷負(f锟斤拷)電碉拷锟絲锟絯微锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟截碉拷;锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷, 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷同锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷懦锟斤拷锟斤拷锟, 還锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节猴拷锟斤拷電的帮拷锟斤拷锟结、锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥凤拷锟絰锟斤拷陰極锟接撅拷锟酵匡拷b锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟教碉拷锟藉潔锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)[13],锟斤拷
1.2.1 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角革拷锟皆聚憋拷烯锟斤拷锟(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜 锟絋锟紹锟斤拷锟絒14]锟皆聚憋拷烯锟斤拷(PAN)膜锟斤拷锟侥,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷酮锟斤拷锟斤拷魟锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷菫锟斤拷锟皆勶拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺╋拷锟斤拷榻宦(li锟斤拷n)锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷輻锟戒法锟狡傦拷锟斤拷一锟絅锟斤拷锟酵猴拷锟斤拷電納锟絍膜锟斤拷該膜锟斤拷锟斤拷處锟斤拷锟届紙锟経水,锟斤拷锟斤拷s锟饺烇拷20,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆滿锟斤拷A锟斤拷锟秸癸拷锟轿碉拷要锟斤拷
1.2.2 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷谆锟斤拷郾锟斤拷褟锟(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜 锟皆革拷锟斤拷2,6 锟斤拷锟阶伙拷锟桔憋拷锟斤拷(PPO)锟斤拷原锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(锟斤拷)锟阶伙拷锟斤拷锟酵帮拷锟斤拷處锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟狡得猴拷锟斤拷電的聚猴拷锟斤，锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)涂锟襟法匡拷锟狡傦拷锟(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜[15],锟斤拷該膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节凤拷锟絰一锟絩(ji锟斤拷)锟酵讹拷锟絩(ji锟斤拷)锟絰锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷NaCl 锟斤拷MgCl锟斤拷
1.2.3 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷枝锟斤拷锟絞(sh锟斤拷) 锟斤拷锟桔猴拷锟斤拷锟侥わ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷輻锟秸猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯浴锟斤拷,锟斤拷使锟斤拷锟絯锟経(ku锟斤拷)散锟斤拷膜锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i),锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴伙拷锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絯锟絚膜锟斤拷锟斤拷木酆戏锟斤拷锟(y锟斤拷ng)锟轿成斤拷枝锟桔猴拷锟斤。锟斤拷锟斤拷膯锟斤拷w锟斤拷要锟介苯锟斤拷烯,锟斤拷锟饺甲伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷烯锟斤拷N-锟斤拷烯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街惖膲A锟皆诧拷飽猴拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷),锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷烯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥凤拷锟斤拷烯锟酵撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷[16],锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥达拷透锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷只锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟(y锟斤拷ng)锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷杀锟斤拷锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节岋拷(sh锟斤拷)锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟紹锟絤(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截別锟絤锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟较的憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷浴锟
2 锟斤拷電納锟絍膜锟斤拷锟斤拷
膜锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟侥猴拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟较的伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷),锟斤拷膜锟侥伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿態(t锟斤拷i)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷(du锟斤拷)膜锟侥凤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟皆碉拷锟斤拷锟矫★拷
2.1 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿態(t锟斤拷i)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷
膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿態(t锟斤拷i)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u),锟斤拷锟斤拷讖锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街诧拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷隙锟绞★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷植诙燃锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟皆硷拷膜锟斤拷锟较的結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟紹(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷,锟斤拷(du锟斤拷)膜锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷透锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟皆猴拷膜锟斤拷染锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截达拷影锟絒17],锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷R(SEM)锟斤拷锟矫侊拷(l锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷袩o(w锟斤拷)缺锟捷硷拷锟絆(ji锟斤拷n)锟統(c锟斤拷)膜锟侥猴拷锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷膜锟侥憋拷咏Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟酵旓拷锟斤拷Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u),锟斤拷透锟斤拷锟斤拷R(TEM)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟届并計(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷菍锟(du锟斤拷)锟絈膜锟酵忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟斤拷皮锟接結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷微锟絉(AFM)锟給(w锟斤拷)锟借對(du锟斤拷)膜锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟轿何匡拷锟斤拷锟狡壞憋拷锟斤拷Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟紸(y锟斤拷)處锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺碉拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷D锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿態(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟皆硷拷锟絚锟絯锟斤拷锟絞锟斤拷锟洁互锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥測(c锟斤拷)锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)注锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆拷锟斤拷锟斤拷@微锟絉锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节憋拷锟斤拷锟絳锟絍膜锟侥孔忥拷锟酵孔忥拷锟街诧拷[18]锟斤拷
2.2 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷鼙锟斤拷锟
膜锟侥猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷芸锟斤拷貌锟酵拷锟绞斤拷膮锟斤拷锟(sh锟斤拷)锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫憋拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟接斤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷(I.E.C),锟斤拷膜锟轿伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟(d锟斤拷ng)锟轿伙拷约锟侥わ拷锟斤拷锟,锟斤拷锟絰锟接斤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷(I.E.C)一锟斤拷锟矫伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟轿讹拷锟斤拷锟統(c锟斤拷)锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节區(q锟斤拷)锟絜锟斤拷電伙拷锟紽(tu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟轿伙拷锟侥わ拷锟(du锟斤拷)锟絰锟斤拷锟絯锟狡旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷透锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷也锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絬(p锟斤拷ng)锟絩(ji锟斤拷)膜锟叫猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷慕^锟斤拷(du锟斤拷)值,锟斤拷膜锟轿辉斤拷撸锟斤拷x锟斤拷锟絯锟狡旓拷(sh锟斤拷)越锟斤拷,锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷越锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥わ拷锟斤拷诮锟斤拷锟斤拷p電層的达拷锟节產(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟轿,锟斤拷锟侥达拷小锟斤拷映锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟解部锟侥猴拷锟斤拷x锟接種類硷拷锟杰度★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟轿伙拷锟斤拷锟截(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫旓拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷電荷碉拷锟斤拷負(f锟斤拷),锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭岋拷(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷同一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡成碉拷膜,锟缴擄拷(j锟斤拷)電夛拷锟紹锟斤拷系锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟絕锟斤拷(du锟斤拷)值锟侥达拷小锟斤拷(l锟斤拷i)锟叫斷不同锟斤拷膜锟斤拷藝锟铰孔忥拷锟侥达拷小變锟斤拷,锟斤拷電夛拷锟紹锟斤拷系锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)越锟斤拷,锟阶忥拷越小[19,20]锟斤拷Schaep[19]锟斤拷(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟剿憋拷锟絕,锟斤拷锟絁(r锟斤拷n)锟斤拷膜锟轿伙拷锟斤拷诠锟接(j锟斤拷)膜锟侥猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷^锟斤拷,锟斤拷
3 锟斤拷電納锟絍膜锟斤拷锟絝锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷|(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟叫的傦拷锟絝取锟絈锟斤拷膜锟侥篩锟斤拷效锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絰锟接的傦拷锟絝锟斤拷膜锟侥篩锟斤拷效锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷Donnan 效锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷同锟斤拷锟矫的結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷,锟斤拷
3.1 Donnan 平锟斤拷模锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷電納锟絍膜锟斤拷锟斤拷電斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷液锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷液锟叫的凤拷锟絰锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷電猴拷锟絚膜锟叫固讹拷電猴拷锟洁反锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷却锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷w锟斤拷液锟叫的濓拷锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟侥濓拷鹊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷w锟斤拷液锟叫的濓拷取锟斤拷纱锟斤拷纬傻锟紻onnan 位锟斤拷锟斤拷止锟斤拷同锟斤拷锟絰锟接忥拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷液锟斤拷膜锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟侥擴(ku锟斤拷)散,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷也锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节诧拷锟斤拷锟絔锟経(ku锟斤拷)散锟酵岋拷(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷影響時(sh锟斤拷),锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷Donnan 平锟斤拷模锟酵癸拷計(j锟斤拷)锟絵锟侥斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷Donnan平锟斤拷模锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟絪锟絯系锟斤拷處锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷Patricio[21]锟斤拷Donnan 平锟斤拷模锟斤拷锟狡廣锟斤拷锟节猴拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷藥锟斤拷亩锟皆拷w系,锟斤拷
3.2 锟斤拷锟絝锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷模锟斤拷
锟絳锟絍膜锟斤拷锟絰锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫ｏ拷锟絰锟接傦拷锟絝锟斤拷锟狡勶拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷(l锟斤拷i)源锟节夛拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷荻锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿伙拷睢ｏ拷锟秸擄拷锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟劫度分诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紹锟絤(x锟斤拷)锟皆凤拷锟教猴拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟教侊拷(l锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟絰锟接的濓拷确植锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅ernst-Plank 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿伙拷植锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇oisson-Boltzmann 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟节此伙拷锟紸(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖發(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟诫娂{锟絍膜锟斤拷锟絝锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷模锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷g電猴拷模锟斤拷(锟教讹拷電猴拷模锟斤拷),锟斤拷锟給锟斤拷懦锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯位锟斤拷模锟酵等ｏ拷锟缴咃拷見锟侥獻(xi锟斤拷n)[22]锟斤拷討論,锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟絎(xu锟斤拷)計(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷膹锟(f锟斤拷)锟絪锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷該模锟斤拷锟节岋拷(sh锟斤拷)锟紿锟叫的戯拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷[23],锟斤拷Bowen 锟斤拷[23]锟絁(r锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟诫娊锟斤拷|(zh锟斤拷)锟侥斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷取锟絈锟斤拷膜锟侥孔忥拷锟斤拷锟斤拷植锟斤拷锟诫娊锟斤拷|(zh锟斤拷)锟侥斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷取锟絈锟斤拷膜锟侥孔忥拷锟斤拷锟斤拷植锟斤拷锟侥わ拷暮锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟絚膜锟侥猴拷葻o(w锟斤拷)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n),锟斤拷Andriy 锟斤拷[24]锟絫锟絁(r锟斤拷n)锟介，膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷之锟絞锟斤拷锟叫诧拷同锟侥斤拷電筹拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷),锟斤拷锟节固讹拷電猴拷锟絚锟絆锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷懦锟(dielectric exclusion)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟,锟斤拷Bandini 锟斤拷[25]锟紺锟较匡拷锟絔锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷慕锟斤拷锟脚筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷Donnan 效锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟酵匡拷锟絞位锟斤拷慕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷茫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷Donnan stericpore model and dielectric exclusion (DSPM and DE)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷電斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥傦拷锟絝規(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷,锟斤拷
4 锟斤拷電納锟絍膜锟侥戯拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷
锟斤拷電納锟絍膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷效锟斤拷脫锟斤拷水锟叫碉拷锟借化锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤、锟竭價(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟接碉拷,锟斤拷锟絍锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟侥冿拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷水處锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷(gu锟斤拷)锟揭猴拷锟斤拷趾锟斤拷锟剿庯拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膶锟斤拷{锟絍锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紹透锟斤拷锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷處锟斤拷锟斤拷鎳廢水取锟斤拷锟剿勶拷(chu锟斤拷ng)锟铰成癸拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷電納锟絍膜锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟节岋拷(sh锟斤拷)锟紿锟斤拷锟絀(y锟斤拷)锟叫非筹拷锟絍锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟侥獻(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(b锟斤拷o)锟斤拷也锟杰讹拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟筋剛[26]锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷NT 染锟斤拷锟斤拷液锟斤拷脫锟絵锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟教ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸碉拷[27]锟叫撅拷锟剿憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷於拷锟斤拷锟剿拷锟揭猴拷姆锟斤拷x,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷[28]锟紺锟斤拷锟剿納锟絍膜锟斤拷食品锟斤拷锟斤拷藥锟叫的戯拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵撅拷锟角的凤拷锟絰锟酵撅拷锟狡★拷锟斤拷汁锟侥高濓拷葷锟絪,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥和帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷姆锟斤拷x,锟斤拷牛锟教硷拷锟斤拷锟藉蛋锟阶的濓拷s锟饺★拷
5 锟結(ji锟斤拷)論锟絚展锟斤拷
膜锟斤拷锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟絀(y锟斤拷)锟斤拷21 锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟酵高科硷拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟絀(y锟斤拷)之一,锟斤拷锟斤拷(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷計(j锟斤拷)委锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)施锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟戒應(y锟斤拷ng)锟矫產(ch锟斤拷n)锟絀(y锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟(xi锟斤拷ng),锟斤拷锟窖加匡拷{锟絍膜锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟絚锟絖锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷之一锟斤拷锟斤拷(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆猴拷锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷院校锟斤拷锟絚锟剿猴拷電納锟絍膜锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷知锟絉(sh锟斤拷)锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟轿筹拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷然锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷電納锟絍膜锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟侥發(f锟斤拷)展,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷針岋拷(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷電納锟絍膜锟絣(f锟斤拷)展锟叫达拷锟节的嗭拷(w锟斤拷n)锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷聨锟斤拷c(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絟,锟斤拷
5.1 锟接忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟紸(ch锟斤拷)锟叫撅拷,锟斤拷锟絜锟絆锟絣(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷锟斤拷電納锟絍膜
目前锟窖岋拷(sh锟斤拷)锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絀(y锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥猴拷電納锟絍膜锟斤拷锟节猴拷負(f锟斤拷)電的忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟较納锟絍膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街拷潞锟斤拷锟诫娂{锟絍膜锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷陌l(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷锟絞,锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟狡傦拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷哟蔚锟斤拷锟秸擄拷锟(w锟斤拷n)锟絵還锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷酆戏锟斤拷锟(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷膜锟斤拷群涂讖锟斤拷锟阶冿拷锟揭(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟竭撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟叫的擴(ku锟斤拷)散規(gu锟斤拷)锟缴等ｏ拷锟斤拷锟紷些锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷然锟狡約锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷[29],锟斤拷針岋拷(du锟斤拷)锟紷些锟斤拷(w锟斤拷n)锟絵,锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟接忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟絚锟较成碉拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷探锟斤拷锟铰的猴拷電勶拷,锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)展锟铰碉拷锟狡備方锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟接忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷膜锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟芥及锟侥燂拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷論锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰斤拷平锟斤拷锟斤拷論,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷論,锟斤拷锟竭撅拷锟斤拷锟节革拷锟斤拷锟叫凤拷锟斤拷系锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟饺碉拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟接忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷膜锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟芥及锟侥勶拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷),锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷酆戏锟斤拷锟(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟侥擴(ku锟斤拷)散锟斤拷锟绞碉拷锟叫撅拷,锟斤拷
5.2 锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷探锟斤拷锟铰的憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷
膜锟斤拷锟杰憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟侥诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷也锟狡約锟斤拷電納锟絍膜锟侥發(f锟斤拷)展,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟较層的孔忥拷锟絚锟阶忥拷锟街诧拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟杰碉拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷目前锟斤拷锟絔(m锟斤拷i)锟叫很好的凤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷直锟接的憋拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷通锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷模锟酵匡拷锟斤拷計(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷平锟斤拷锟阶忥拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟阶忥拷锟街诧拷锟絫锟斤拷模锟斤拷锟統锟斤拷計(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷摹锟斤拷锟侥わ拷暮锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰的測(c锟斤拷)試锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟竭诧拷锟矫诧拷同锟侥凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟斤拷(bi锟斤拷o)锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(du锟斤拷)膜锟斤拷锟杰碉拷锟絬(p锟斤拷ng)锟絩(ji锟斤拷)锟角猴拷處锟侥ｏ拷锟杰夛拷锟斤拷M(j锟斤拷n)膜锟斤拷锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟侥發(f锟斤拷)展,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥匡拷锟(bi锟斤拷o),锟斤拷锟絖锟絣(f锟斤拷)規(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟轿伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟(d锟斤拷ng)锟轿伙拷臏y(c锟斤拷)試onclick="g(锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷);">锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷十锟街憋拷要锟侥★拷
5.3 锟接忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷模锟酵碉拷锟叫撅拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絀(y锟斤拷)锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷
锟斤拷十锟斤拷锟斤拷锟(l锟斤拷i),锟斤拷锟斤拷電納锟絍膜锟斤拷锟絝锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟矫碉拷锟斤拷迅锟劫的發(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷锟斤拷(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷電納锟絍膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡和戯拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫的达拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟組锟杰猴拷電納锟絍膜锟斤拷锟絝锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷(b锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟杰讹拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絔(m锟斤拷i)锟叫得筹拷锟統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟斤拷锟絁(r锟斤拷n)锟絉(sh锟斤拷)[30]锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷針岋拷(du锟斤拷)锟絰锟接傦拷锟絝锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫碉拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟紿锟斤拷锟节伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟侥機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷模锟斤拷還锟叫达拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟酵發(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷
锟节猴拷電納锟絍膜锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟矫凤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷水處锟斤拷锟斤拷然锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絀(l锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷未锟斤拷(l锟斤拷i)锟侥庯拷锟斤拷锟叫ｏ拷锟斤拷電納锟絍膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿拷锟斤拷锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷y(t锟斤拷ng)锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟絀(y锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟藉潔锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟饺凤拷锟芥都锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟絔锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絒31],锟斤拷锟斤拷锟解，锟斤拷電納锟絍膜锟斤拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絚锟給(w锟斤拷)锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷x,锟斤拷锟斤拷液锟斤拷一锟絩(ji锟斤拷)锟絵锟絚锟竭價(ji锟斤拷)锟絵锟侥凤拷锟絰,锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷x锟叫讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫的戯拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷前锟斤拷锟斤拷
5.4 锟紺锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷系锟統(t锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷止锟酵匡拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷染
锟斤拷止膜锟斤拷染锟絚锟接伙拷,锟斤拷要锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟狡傦拷锟斤拷锟街ｏ拷锟斤拷锟矫帮拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟较碉拷锟絰锟斤拷锟絚锟较筹拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵诧拷锟斤拷锟絣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟侥結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟饺凤拷锟斤拷墓锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥わ拷M锟斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)計(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟絣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡凤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷取锟斤拷施锟絧锟斤拷膜锟斤拷染锟斤拷影锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟紿使锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷效锟斤拷锟斤拷洗,锟斤拷
5.5 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絳锟絍膜锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟截ｏ拷锟斤拷{锟絍膜锟斤拷锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟狡廣锟结供平锟絖(t锟斤拷i)
锟絚锟斤拷(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟叫撅拷水平锟斤拷锟斤拷(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷@锟絅锟斤拷r锟斤拷原锟斤拷芏啵拷锟饺憋拷锟斤拷锟皆囷拷锟斤拷锟,锟斤拷使锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟缴癸拷停锟斤拷锟节岋拷(sh锟斤拷)锟(y锟斤拷n)锟揭成癸拷锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷原锟斤拷之一,锟斤拷2004 锟斤拷4 锟铰ｏ拷膜锟斤拷锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷(gu锟斤拷)锟揭癸拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节达拷锟紹通锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷一锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟剿癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较,锟斤拷也锟斤拷然锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟絆锟斤拷拇锟斤拷M(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟絳锟絍锟斤拷锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷
使锟斤拷微锟斤拷“锟斤拷一锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟絭锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絎(w锟斤拷ng)”
